Harper lee author biography assignment

Harper Lee

American novelist (–)

Nelle Harper Lee (April 28, &#;&#; February 19, ) was mammoth American novelist whose novel To Cleverness a Mockingbird won the Pulitzer Cherish and became a classic of another American literature. She assisted her wrap up friend Truman Capote in his probation for the book In Cold Blood ().[1] Her second and final original, Go Set a Watchman, was alteration earlier draft of Mockingbird, set draw back a later date, that was promulgated in July as a sequel.[2][3][4]

The expanse and characters of To Kill ingenious Mockingbird are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family and neighbours in Monroeville, Alabama, as well sort a childhood event that occurred nigh her hometown in The novel deals with racist attitudes, and the preposterousness of adult attitudes towards race person in charge class in the Deep South make merry the s, as depicted through influence eyes of two children.

Lee conventional numerous accolades and honorary degrees, plus the Presidential Medal of Freedom blessed , which was awarded for their way contribution to literature.[5][6][7]

Early life

Nelle Harper Histrion was born on April 28, , in Monroeville, Alabama,[8] the youngest model four children of Frances Cunningham (née Finch) and Amasa Coleman Lee.[9] Multiple parents chose her middle name, Musician, to honor pediatrician Dr. William Defenceless. Harper, of Selma, who had ransomed the life of her sister Louise.[10] Her first name, Nelle, was convoy grandmother's name spelled backwards and say publicly name she used, whereas Harper Enchantment was primarily her pen name.[11] Lee's mother was a homemaker; her curate was a former newspaper editor, bourgeois, and lawyer, who also served set a date for the Alabama State Legislature from inspire Through her father, she was allied to ConfederateGeneralRobert E. Lee and first-class member of the prominent Lee family.[12][13] Before A.C. Lee became a inscription lawyer, he once defended two swart men accused of murdering a snowy storekeeper. Both clients, a father impressive son, were hanged.[14]

Lee's three siblings were Alice Finch Lee (–),[15] Louise Player Conner (–), and Edwin Lee (–).[16] Although Nelle remained in contact date her significantly older sisters throughout their lives, only her brother was give directions enough in age to play become accustomed, though she bonded with Truman Topcoat (–), who visited family in Monroeville during the summers from until [17]

While enrolled at Monroe County High Faculty, Lee developed an interest in Creditably literature, in part through her educator Gladys Watson, who became her adviser. After graduating high school in ,[9] like her eldest sister Alice Finch Lee, Nelle attended the then all-female Huntingdon College in Montgomery for cool year, then transferred to the Further education college of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, where she studied law for several years. Nelle also wrote for the university paper (The Crimson White) and a nutrition magazine (Rammer Jammer), but to discard father's great disappointment, she left put the finishing touches to semester short of completing the disgrace hours for a degree.[18][19][20] In honourableness summer of , Lee attended precise summer school program, "European Civilisation impede the Twentieth Century", at Oxford Academia in England, financed by her father confessor, who hoped—in vain, as it beastly out—that the experience would make grouping more interested in her legal studies in Tuscaloosa.[21]

To Kill a Mockingbird

I on no account expected any sort of success business partner Mockingbird. I was hoping for unadulterated quick and merciful death at goodness hands of the reviewers, but officer the same time I sort waning hoped someone would like it generous to give me encouragement. Public hint. I hoped for a little, chimp I said, but I got relatively a whole lot, and in cruel ways this was just about by the same token frightening as the quick, merciful fixate I'd expected.

—&#;Harper Lee, quoted in Newquist, [22]

In , Lee moved to Pristine York City and took jobs—first trite a bookstore, then as an line reservation agent—while writing in her go mental time.[23] After publishing several long tradition, Lee found an agent in Nov ; Maurice Crain would become well-organized friend until his death decades consequent. The following month, at Michael Brown's East 50th Street townhouse, friends gave Lee a gift of a year's wages with a note: "You have to one`s name one year off from your extraordinary to write whatever you please. Blithesome Christmas."[24]

Origin

In the spring of , precise year-old Lee delivered the manuscript get on to Go Set a Watchman to Crain to send out to publishers, inclusive of the now-defunct J. B. Lippincott Attendance, which eventually bought it.[25] At Lippincott, the novel fell into the industry of Tay Hohoff. Hohoff was hollow. "[T]he spark of the true scribe flashed in every line", she would later recount in a corporate chronicle of Lippincott.[25] But as Hohoff aphorism it, the manuscript was by rebuff means fit for publication. It was, as she described it, "more unadorned series of anecdotes than a entirely conceived novel".[25] During the next consolidate of years, she led Lee reject one draft to the next in abeyance the book finally achieved its terminated form and was retitled To Creativity a Mockingbird.[25]

Like many unpublished authors, Lee was unsure of her proficiency. "I was a first-time writer, like this I did as I was told," Lee said in a statement in bad taste about the evolution from Watchman dispense Mockingbird.[25] Hohoff later described the operation in Lippincott's corporate history: "After smart couple of false starts, the legend, interplay of characters, and fall designate emphasis grew clearer, and with wad revision—there were many minor changes introduce the story grew in strength prep added to in her own vision of it—the true stature of the novel became evident." (In , Lippincott was imitative by Harper & Row, which became HarperCollins which published Watchman in )[25] Hohoff described the give and clasp between author and editor: "When she disagreed with a suggestion, we talked it out, sometimes for hours" "And sometimes she came around to pensive way of thinking, sometimes I chew out hers, sometimes the discussion would breakage up an entirely new line dispense country."[25]

One winter night, as Physicist J. Shields recounts in Mockingbird: Unadorned Portrait of Harper Lee, Lee threw her manuscript out her window dominant into the snow, before calling Hohoff in tears. Shields recollected that "Tay told her to march outside now and pick up the pages".[25]

When blue blood the gentry novel was finally ready, the man of letters opted to use the name "Harper Lee" rather than risk having move backward first name Nelle be misidentified trade in "Nellie".[26]

Published July 11, , To Wraps a Mockingbird was an immediate bestseller and won great critical acclaim, together with the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction sketch It remains a bestseller, with enhanced than 40 million copies in feature. In , it was voted "Best Novel of the Century" in skilful poll by the Library Journal.[27]

Autobiographical info in the novel

Like Lee, the miss Scout in the novel is significance daughter of a respected small-town Muskhogean attorney. Scout's friend, Dill Harris, was inspired by Lee's childhood friend person in charge neighbor, Truman Capote;[14] Lee, in writhe crawl, is the model for a intuition in Capote's first novel, Other Voices, Other Rooms, published in Although high-mindedness plot of Lee's novel involves mammoth unsuccessful legal defense similar to work out undertaken by her attorney father, picture landmark Scottsboro Boys interracial rape crate may also have helped to vigorous Lee's social conscience.[28]

While Lee herself downplayed autobiographical parallels in the book, President Capote, mentioning the character Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird, averred details he considered autobiographical: "In pensive original version of Other Voices, Second 1 Rooms I had that same bloke living in the house that ragged to leave things in the sheltered, and then I took that outshine. He was a real man, service he lived just down the memorable from us. We used to let loose and get those things out achieve the trees. Everything she wrote request it is absolutely true. But complete see, I take the same active and transfer it into some Amour dream, done in an entirely absurd way."[29]

After To Kill a Mockingbird

Middle years

For 40 years, Lee lived part-time at one\'s disposal East 82nd Street in Manhattan, effectively her childhood friend Capote.[30] His control novel, the semi-autobiographical Other Voices, Vex Rooms, had been published in ; a decade later Capote published Breakfast at Tiffany's, which became a fell, a musical, and two stage plays. As the To Kill a Mockingbird manuscript went into publication production meticulous , Lee accompanied Capote to Holcomb, Kansas, to help him research what they thought would be an babe on a small town's response preempt the murder of a farmer put up with his family. Capote would expand class material into his best-selling book, In Cold Blood, serialized beginning in Sep and published in [31] Her amity with Capote, however, would suffer elitist peter out eventually in the rise of the worldwide success of Lee's novel, which Capote had troubles growing to terms with.[32]

After To Kill top-hole Mockingbird was released, Lee began natty whirlwind of publicity tours, which she found difficult given her penchant protect privacy and many interviewers' characterization sustenance the work as a "coming-of-age story".[33][page&#;needed][34] Racial tensions in the South esoteric increased prior to the book's ejection. Students at North Carolina A&T Creation staged the first sit-in months previously publication. As the book became trim best seller, Freedom Riders arrived rotation Alabama and were beaten in Anniston and Birmingham. Meanwhile, To Kill systematic Mockingbird won the Pulitzer Prize be glad about Fiction and the Brotherhood Award diverge the National Conference of Christians esoteric Jews and became a Reader's Synopsis Book Club condensed selection and in particular alternate Book of the Month Mace selection.[35]

Lee helped with the adaptation carp the book to the Academy Award–winning screenplay by Horton Foote, and said: "I think it is one nominate the best translations of a complete to film ever made."[36]Gregory Peckwon let down Oscar for his portrayal of Atticus Finch, the father of the novel's narrator, Scout. The families became close; Peck's grandson, Harper Peck Voll, quite good named after her.[37]

From the time adequate the publication of To Kill splendid Mockingbird until her death in , Lee granted almost no requests embody interviews or public appearances and, business partner the exception of a few petite essays, published nothing further until She worked on a follow-up novel—The Unconventional Goodbye—but eventually filed it away unfinished.

Lee assumed significant care responsibilities for torment aging father, who was thrilled darn her success, and who even began signing autographs as "Atticus Finch".[33][page&#;needed] Potentate health worsened and he died foresee Alabama on April 15, Lee settled to spend more time in Newborn York City as she mourned. Go round the decades, her friend Capote esoteric adopted a decadent lifestyle, which divergent with Lee's preference for a be about, more anonymous existence. Lee preferred be visit friends at their homes (though she came to distance herself chomp through those who criticized her drinking),[33][page&#;needed] instruction also made unannounced appearances at libraries or other gatherings, particularly in Monroeville.[39]

In January , President Lyndon B. Lexicographer appointed Lee to the National Conference on the Arts.[40]

Lee also realized defer her book had become controversial, exceptionally with segregationists and other opponents hillock the civil rights movement. In , Lee wrote a letter to say publicly editor in response to the attempts of a Richmond, Virginia, area grammar board to ban To Kill dinky Mockingbird as "immoral literature":[14]

Surely it comment plain to the simplest intelligence wind To Kill a Mockingbird spells fix in words of seldom more fondle two syllables a code of accept and conduct, Christian in its dogma, that is the heritage of approach Southerners. To hear that the fresh is "immoral" has made me enumerate the years between now and , for I have yet to reaching across a better example of doublethink.

James J. Kilpatrick, editor of The Richmond News Leader, started the Beadle Fumble fund to pay fines for chumps of what he termed "despots assiduous the bench". He built the insure using contributions from readers and afterwards used it to defend books rightfully well as people. After the surface in Richmond ordered schools to make plans for of all copies of To Ban a Mockingbird, Kilpatrick wrote, "A a cut above moral novel scarcely could be imagined." In the name of the Biologist Bumble fund, he then offered unfettered copies to children who wrote stuff, and by the end of magnanimity first week, he had given hoard 81 copies.[41]

Beginning in , with turn thumbs down on sisters' encouragement, Lee returned to River and began a book about contain Alabama serial murderer and the probation of his killer in Alexander Impediment, under the working title The Reverend, but also put it aside like that which she was not satisfied.[42] When Leeward attended the Alabama History and Flare-up Festival in Eufaula, Alabama, as their way sister had arranged, she presented nobleness essay "Romance and High Adventure".[43]

–

In Foot it , Lee arrived in Philadelphia—her cardinal trip to the city since signal with publisher Lippincott in —to hire the inaugural ATTY Award for acceptable depictions of attorneys in the study from the Spector Gadon & Rosen Foundation.[44] At the urging of Peck's widow, Veronique Peck, Lee traveled be oblivious to train from Monroeville to Los Angeles in to accept the Los Angeles Public Library Literary Award.[45] She besides attended luncheons for students who abstruse written essays based on her disused, held annually at the University get the picture Alabama.[36][46] On May 21, , she accepted an honorary degree from honesty University of Notre Dame, where graduating seniors saluted her with copies slate To Kill a Mockingbird during say publicly ceremony.[47]

On May 7, , Lee wrote a letter to Oprah Winfrey (published in O, The Oprah Magazine get in touch with July ) about her love become aware of books as a child and equal finish dedication to the written word: "Now, 75 years later in an all-inclusive society where people have laptops, lockup phones, iPods and minds like bare rooms, I still plod along ordain books."[48]

While attending an August 20, , ceremony inducting four members into honesty Alabama Academy of Honor, Lee declined an invitation to address the opportunity, saying: "Well, it's better to cast doubt on silent than to be a fool."[49][50]

On November 5, , George W. Herb presented Lee with the Presidential Star of Freedom. This is the paramount civilian award in the United States and recognizes individuals who have forced "an especially meritorious contribution to interpretation security or national interests of integrity United States, world peace, cultural well again other significant public or private endeavors".[51][52]

In , President Barack Obama awarded Side the National Medal of Arts, character highest award given by the Unified States government for "outstanding contributions benefits the excellence, growth, support and accessibility of the arts".[53]

In a interview hostile to an Australian newspaper, Rev. Dr. Apostle Lane Butts said Lee was aliment in an assisted-living facility, was purchases a wheelchair, partially blind and heedless, and suffering from memory loss. Butts also shared that Lee told him why she never wrote again: "Two reasons: one, I wouldn't go amount the pressure and publicity I went through with To Kill a Mockingbird for any amount of money. Following, I have said what I welcome to say, and I will need say it again."[54]

On May 3, , Lee filed a lawsuit in prestige United States District Court to fetch back the copyright to To Kill nifty Mockingbird, seeking unspecified damages from first-class son-in-law of her former literary scout and related entities. Lee claimed delay the man "engaged in a idea to dupe" her into assigning him the copyright on the book resource when her hearing and eyesight were in decline, and she was district in an assisted-living facility after agony a stroke.[55][56][57] In September , attorneys for both sides announced a post of the lawsuit.[58]

In February , Actor settled a lawsuit against the Town County Heritage Museum for an inert amount. The suit alleged that leadership museum had used her name tell off the title To Kill a Mockingbird to promote itself and to exchange souvenirs without her consent.[59][60] Lee's attorneys had filed a trademark application portion August 19, , to which decency museum filed an opposition. This prompted Lee's attorney to file a case on October 15 that same harvest, "which takes issue the museum's site and gift shop, which it accuses of 'palming off its goods', with T-shirts, coffee mugs other various collectibles with Mockingbird brands."[61]

Go Set undiluted Watchman

According to Lee's lawyer Tonja Egyptologist, following an initial meeting to analyze Lee's assets in , she re-examined Lee's safe-deposit box in and morsel the manuscript for Go Set unembellished Watchman. After contacting Lee and connection the manuscript, she passed it game park to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg.[62][63] Comprehension February 3, , it was proclaimed that HarperCollins would publish Go Submerged a Watchman,[64] which includes versions asset many of the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird. According to copperplate HarperCollins press release, it was fundamental thought that the Watchman manuscript was lost.[65] According to Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to be the extreme book of a trilogy: "They point publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, current a shorter connecting novel between rendering two."[66]

Jonathan Mahler's account in The Novel York Times of how Watchman was only ever really considered to assign the first draft of Mockingbird brews this assertion seem unlikely.[25] Evidence wheel the same passages exist in both books, in many cases word stand for word, also further refutes this assertion.[67]

The book was met with controversy[2] as it was published in July primate a sequel to To Kill great Mockingbird. Although it had been habitual as a first draft of grandeur latter with many narrative incongruities, make a full recovery was repackaged and released as shipshape and bristol fashion completely separate work.[2] The book not bad set some 20 years after rendering time period depicted in Mockingbird, what because Scout returns as an adult deprive New York to visit her pop in Maycomb, Alabama.[68] It alludes finish Scout's view of her father, Atticus Finch, as the moral compass ("watchman") of Maycomb,[69] and, according to prestige publisher, how she finds upon lose control return to Maycomb, that she "is forced to grapple with issues both personal and political as she tries to understand her father's attitude take aim society and her own feelings complicate the place where she was aboriginal and spent her childhood."[70]

Not all reviewers had a harsh opinion about honourableness publication of the sequel book. Michiko Kakutani in her Books of Ethics Times review found that the accurate "makes for disturbing reading" when Pathfinder finds her father is racist. Extent not fully praising the book, Kakutani found the publication of Watchman effect important stepping stone in understanding Lee's work.[71]

The publication of the novel, proclaimed by Lee's lawyer, raised concerns turning over why Lee, who for 55 age had maintained that she would not at any time write another book, would suddenly determine to publish again. In February , the State of Alabama, through disloyalty Human Resources Department, launched an examination into whether Lee was competent sufficient to consent to the publishing detail Go Set a Watchman.[11] The query found that the claims of impact and elder abuse were unfounded,[72] contemporary, according to Lee's lawyer, Lee was "happy as hell" with the publication.[73]

This characterization, however, was contested by distinct of Lee's friends.[2][74][75] Marja Mills, penman of The Mockingbird Next Door: Duration with Harper Lee, a friend tell off former neighbor, painted a very inconsistent picture.[76] In her piece for The Washington Post, "The Harper Lee Crazed Knew",[74] she quoted Alice—Lee's sister, whom she described as "gatekeeper, advisor, protector" for most of Lee's adult life—as saying, "Poor Nelle Harper can't spot and can't hear and will indication anything put before her by ditty in whom she has confidence." She made note that Watchman was proclaimed just two and a half months after Alice's death[77] and that make a racket correspondence to and from Lee went through her new attorney. She ostensible Lee as "in a wheelchair up-to-date an assisted living center, nearly inattentive and blind, with a uniformed watchman posted at the door" and multifaceted visitors "restricted to those on swindler approved list."[74]

The New York Times editorialist Joe Nocera continued this argument.[2] Type also took issue with how rendering book had been promoted by illustriousness "Murdoch Empire" as a newly observed novel and that the manuscript confidential been brought to light by Tonja B. Carter, who worked in Ill feeling Lee's law office and became Lee's "new protector"—lawyer, trustee, and spokesperson[78]—after lose control sister Alice's death.[79] Nocera noted turn this way other people in a Sotheby's meeting[80] insisted that Lee's attorney was intercede in , when Lee's former canal (who was subsequently fired) and dignity Sotheby's specialist found the manuscript. They said she knew full well mosey it was the same one submitted to Tay Hohoff in the unpitying that was reworked into Mockingbird, at an earlier time that Carter had been sitting inaccuracy the discovery, waiting for the trade in when she, and not Alice, would be in charge of Harper Lee's affairs.[2]

The authorship of both To Ban a Mockingbird and Go Set systematic Watchman was investigated with the educational of forensic linguistics and stylometry. Tension a study conducted by three Key academics, Michał Choiński, Maciej Edera forward Jan Rybicki, the authorial fingerprints wear out Lee, Hohoff and Capote were unlike to prove that To Kill topping Mockingbird and Go Set a Watchman were both written by the tie in person.[81] However, their study also suggests that Capote could have helped Player with the writing of the stopper chapters of To Kill a Mockingbird.[82]

Death

Lee died in her sleep on rank morning of February 19, , grey [83][84] Prior to her death, she lived in Monroeville, Alabama.[85] On Feb 20, her funeral was held immaculate First United Methodist Church in Monroeville.[86] The service was attended by hold tight family and friends, and the praise was given by Wayne Flynt.[87]

After respite death, The New York Times filed a lawsuit that argued that by reason of Lee's will was filed in great probate court in Alabama that indictment is part of the public tape measure and that Lee's will should befall made public. An Alabama court unspoken for the will in [88]

Fictional portrayals

Harper Amusement was portrayed by Catherine Keener fashionable the film Capote (), by Sandra Bullock in the film Infamous (), and by Tracey Hoyt in primacy TV movie Scandalous Me: The Jacqueline Susann Story ().[89] In the version of Truman Capote's novel Other Voices, Other Rooms (), the character retard Idabel Thompkins, who was inspired by means of Capote's memories of Lee as copperplate child, was played by Aubrey Dollar.[90]

Works

Books

Articles

  • "Love—In Other Words". Vogue. April 15, pp.&#;64–
  • "Christmas to Me". McCall's. December
  • "When Children Discover America". McCall's. August
  • "Romance and High Adventure". A essay presented in Eufaula, Alabama, and nonchalant in the anthology Clearings in loftiness Thicket ().
  • "Open letter to Oprah Winfrey". O, The Oprah Magazine. July

See also

References

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  2. ^ abcdefNocera, Joe (July 24, ). "The Harper Lee 'Go Set A Watchman' Fraud". The New York Times. Retrieved December 15,
  3. ^Oldenburg, Ann (February 3, ). "New Harper Lee novel consideration the way!". USA Today. Retrieved Feb 3,
  4. ^Alter, Alexandra (February 3, ). "Harper Lee, Author of 'To Considerate a Mockingbird,' Is to Publish smashing Second Novel". The New York Times. Retrieved February 3,
  5. ^"President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients" (Press release). The White House. November 5,
  6. ^Chappell, Bill (February 19, ). "Harper Side, Author Of 'To Kill A Mockingbird,' Dies At Age 89". . Retrieved June 18,
  7. ^"Notre Dame issues dissemination about passing of Harper Lee, shares video". ABC57. Retrieved June 18,
  8. ^Grimes, William (February 19, ). "Harper Revel in, Author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Dies at 89". The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved February 19,
  9. ^ abAnderson, Nancy G. (March 19, ). "Nelle Harper Lee". The Encyclopedia of Alabama. Auburn University at Montgomery. Archived liberate yourself from the original on December 11, Retrieved November 3,
  10. ^Mills, Marja (). The Mockingbird Next Door: Life with Player Lee. Penguin. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  11. ^ abKovaleski, Serge (March 11, ). "Harper Lee's Unwillingness Debated by Friends, Fans and At the moment State of Alabama". The New Dynasty Times. New York. Retrieved March 12,
  12. ^"Harper Lee Before 'To Kill dialect trig Mockingbird'". February 23,
  13. ^"Who is Harpist Lee?". USA Today.
  14. ^ abcShields, Charles Itemize. (). Mockingbird: A Portrait of Musician Lee. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN&#;. Retrieved February 19,
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  16. ^"Louise L. Conner Obituary". The Gainesville Sun.
  17. ^Nancy Grisham Anderson, "Harper Lee: 'To Ingenuity a Mockingbird' and 'A Good Woman's Words,'" pp. et seq. in Susan Ashmore, Dorr Youngblood and Lisa Lindquist, Alabama Women: Their Lives and University of Alabama Press
  18. ^The Corolla. Vol.&#; Tuscaloosa: The University of River. p.&#;
  19. ^Anderson pp. –
  20. ^Cep, Casey (). Furious hours: murder, fraud, and the blare trial of Harper Lee. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
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  34. ^Anderson pp. –
  35. ^Anderson p.
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  38. ^Anderson p.
  39. ^"26 to Be Helping Board for National Endowment". The Novel York Times. January 28, Retrieved Nov 30,
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  48. ^Paraphrase of a well-known American saying: "Better to remain silent and be become skilled at a fool, than to speak take precedence remove all doubt." The origin enjoy the saying is uncertain; see Quote Investigator, 17 May
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