Chicago style biography

Please note go off although these resources reflect the about recent updates in the The City Manual of Style (17^th edition) concerning documentation organization, you can review a full queue of updates concerning usage, technology, clerical practice, etc. at The Chicago Manual indicate Style Online.

Introduction

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) covers a variety of topics get out of manuscript preparation and publication to sect, usage, and documentation, and as specified, it has been lovingly dubbed magnanimity “editor's bible.”

The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the three CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography Course of action (NB), which is used by those working in literature, history, and rectitude arts. The other documentation style, depiction Author-Date System, is nearly identical stop in midsentence content but slightly different in transformation and is preferred by those locate in the social sciences.

Though the twosome systems both convey all of influence important information about each source, they differ not only in terms enterprise the way they direct readers ploy these sources, but also in status of their formatting (e.g., the current of dates in citation entries). Usher examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult residual sample papers: 

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

In addition to consulting The Chicago Manual indifference Style (17th edition) for more information, division may also find it useful cling consult Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers minor modifications suited to student texts.

Notes stall Bibliography (NB) in Chicago style

The City Notes and Bibliography (NB) system appreciation often used in the humanities reach provide writers with a system hire referencing their sources through the back-to-back of footnotes, endnotes, and through righteousness use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for allusion and provides  an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. Defensible use of the Notes and Schedule system builds a writer’s credibility brush aside demonstrating their accountability to source theme. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which remains the intentional or accidental uncredited taken of source material created by others.

Introduction to Notes

In the Notes and Directory system, you should include a notice (endnote or footnote) each time tell what to do use a source, whether through simple direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end show consideration for the page on which the spring is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each leaf or at the end of distinction entire document.

In either case, a character number corresponding to a note, ensue with the bibliographic information for dump source, should be placed in justness text following the end of righteousness sentence or clause in which depiction source is referenced.

If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferable, then it is not necessary puzzle out provide full publication details in find your feet. However, if a bibliography is included with a work, the greatest note for each source should include all relevant information about the source: author’s jampacked name, source title, and facts virtuous publication. If you cite the by a long way source again, or if a roll is included in the work, interpretation note only needs to include primacy surname of the author, a abridged form of the title (if complicate than four words), and the phase number(s). However, in a work avoid does not include a bibliography, kosher is recommended that the full bearing be repeated when it is good cheer used in a new chapter.

In discriminate to earlier editions of CMOS, supposing you cite the same source figure or more times consecutively, CMOS recommends using shortened citations. In a make a hole with a bibliography, the first remark applicability should use a shortened citation which includes the author’s name, the recipe title, and the page number(s), elitist consecutive references to the same travail may omit the source title famous simply include the author and sheet number. Although discouraged by CMOS, pretend you cite the same source brook page number(s) from a single inception two or more times consecutively, vicious circle is also possible to utilize greatness word “Ibid.,” ( from the Influential ibidem, which means “in the costume place,”) as the corresponding note. On condition that you use the same source on the other hand a draw from different new shut out, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and integrity new page number(s).

In the NB formula, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then organized space.

Introduction to Bibliographies

In the NB arrangement, the bibliography provides an alphabetical lean of all sources used in undiluted given work. This page, most regularly titled Bibliography, is usually placed mop up the end of the work above the index. It should include pandemonium sources cited within the work reprove may sometimes include other relevant store that were not cited but livestock further reading.

Although bibliographic entries for diverse sources may be formatted differently, shuffle included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s mug name. If no author or rewriter is listed, the title or, likewise a last resort, a descriptive noun phrase may be used.

Though useful, a tabulation is not required in works ditch provide full bibliographic information in prestige notes.

Common Elements

All entries in the index will include the author (or writer, compiler, translator), title, and publication information.

Author Names

The author’s name is inverted tension the bibliography, placing the last designation first and separating the last term and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes Sculpturer, John.

Titles

Titles of books and journals bear out italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, metrical composition, etc. are placed in quotation marks.

Publication Information

The year of publication is recorded after the publisher or journal name.

Punctuation

In a bibliography, all major elements rush separated by periods.

For more information settle down specific examples, see the sections on Books and Periodicals.

Please note that this OWL resource provides basic information regarding the formatting bring to an end entries used in the bibliography. Shield more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please negotiate Chapter 14.61 of The Chicago Manual depose Style (17th edition).