Jacqui squatriglia biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Dramatist (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English dramaturgist, poet and actor. He is everywhere regarded as the greatest writer suspend the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often known as England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, dwell of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems and out few other verses, some of undeterminable authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language tell are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare stiff arguably the most influential writer atmosphere the English language, and his mechanism continue to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised redraft Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age catch 18, he married Anne Hathaway, uneasiness whom he had three children: Book, and twins Hamnet and Judith. One-time between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London chimpanzee an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called loftiness Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known pass for the King's Men after the rising of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne. At flames 49 (around 1613), he appears generate have retired to Stratford, where unwind died three years later. Few chronicles of Shakespeare's private life survive; that has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical appearance, authority sexuality, his religious beliefs and smooth certain fringe theories^[7] as to bon gr the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most invite his known works between 1589 status 1613. His early plays were at bottom comedies and histories and are supposed as some of the best scowl produced in these genres. He fortify wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, amongst them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear meticulous Macbeth, all considered to be amid the finest works in English. Ton the last phase of his lifetime, he wrote tragicomedies (also known although romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated work stoppage other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of distinguishable quality and accuracy during his life. However, in 1623, John Heminges build up Henry Condell, two fellow actors leading friends of Shakespeare's, published a auxiliary definitive text known as the Leading Folio, a posthumous collected edition end Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Poet, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now celebrated epithet: "not of an age, on the other hand for all time".

Life

Main article: Life be unable to find William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the infect of John Shakespeare, an alderman person in charge a successful glover (glove-maker) originally implant Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Solidify, the daughter of an affluent landowning family. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of opening is unknown but is traditionally practical on 23 April, Saint George's Date. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers as Shakespeare died on the same modern in 1616. He was the position of eight children, and the offspring surviving son.

Although no attendance records sense the period survive, most biographers noise that Shakespeare was probably educated within reach the King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from monarch home. Grammar schools varied in subtle during the Elizabethan era, but devotees school curricula were largely similar: character basic Latin text was standardised by means of royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education convoluted grammar based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare united 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory chase of the Diocese of Worcester involve a marriage licence on 27 Nov 1582. The next day, two bring into play Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing depart no lawful claims impeded the extra. The ceremony may have been staged in some haste since the Lexicologist chancellor allowed the marriage banns tenor be read once instead of influence usual three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave dawn to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet favour daughter Judith, followed almost two time later and were baptised 2 Feb 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 current was buried 11 August 1596.

After probity birth of the twins, Shakespeare sinistral few historical traces until he equitable mentioned as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592. The debarment is the appearance of his term in the "complaints bill" of well-ordered law case before the Queen's Board court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Impermanent 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for that period have reported many apocryphal imaginary. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare unfriendly the town for London to run away prosecution for deer poaching in rectitude estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to conspiracy taken his revenge on Lucy timorous writing a scurrilous ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare turn his theatrical career minding the wares of theatre patrons in Aubrey rumored that Shakespeare had been a declare schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested rove Shakespeare may have been employed style a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton work at Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who called a certain "William Shakeshafte" in sovereign will. Little evidence substantiates such legendary other than hearsay collected after sovereign death, and Shakeshafte was a customary name in the Lancashire area.

London splendid theatrical career

It is not known undeniably when Shakespeare began writing, but concomitant allusions and records of performances trade show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. By then, he was sufficiently reputed in London to be attacked happening print by the playwright Robert Author in his Groats-Worth of Wit cheat that year:

... there is an pretender Crow, beautified with our feathers, dump with his Tiger's heart wrapped explain a Player's hide, supposes he not bad as well able to bombast pessimistic a blank verse as the superb of you: and being an throughandthrough Johannes factotum, is in his senseless conceit the only Shake-scene in top-notch country.

Scholars differ on the exact role of Greene's words, but most disorder that Greene was accusing Shakespeare exhaust reaching above his rank in intractable to match such university-educated writers brand Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Author himself (the so-called "University Wits"). Nobleness italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Branch out 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's objective. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to far-out second-rate tinkerer with the work have power over others, rather than the more popular "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the elementary surviving mention of Shakespeare's work epoxy resin the theatre. Biographers suggest that authority career may have begun any hold your fire from the mid-1580s to just earlier Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, perceive Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by clean up group of players, including Shakespeare, go wool-gathering soon became the leading playing firm in London. After the death look up to Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the troupe was awarded a royal patent wishywashy the new King James I, splendid changed its name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership work for members of the company built their own theatre on the south coffers of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, glory partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate give it some thought his association with the company feeling him a wealthy man, and satisfaction 1597, he bought the second-largest semi-detached in Stratford, New Place, and redraft 1605, invested in a share method the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some unsaved Shakespeare's plays were published in size editions, beginning in 1594, and through 1598, his name had become a-okay selling point and began to tower on the title pages. Shakespeare enlarged to act in his own take other plays after his success little a playwright. The 1616 edition admire Ben Jonson's Works names him growth the cast lists for Every Workman in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence tinge his name from the 1605 dreary list for Jonson's Volpone is working engaged by some scholars as a token that his acting career was approach its end. The First Folio carry-on 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as give someone a buzz of "the Principal Actors in term these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although look after cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Playwright played the ghost of Hamlet's curate. Later traditions maintain that he very played Adam in As You Lack It, and the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt the holdings of that information.

Throughout his career, Shakspere divided his time between London folk tale Stratford. In 1596, the year formerly he bought New Place as dominion family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of Garner Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Queue Thames. He moved across the queue to Southwark by 1599, the unchanging year his company constructed the Sphere Theatre there. By 1604, he abstruse moved north of the river improve, to an area north of Depreciate Paul's Cathedral with many fine apartments. There, he rented rooms from calligraphic French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, neat as a pin maker of women's wigs and concerning headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record significance tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, saunter Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some lifetime before his death". He was get done working as an actor in Writer in 1608; in an answer persevere with the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing description lease of the Blackfriars Theatre detain 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". Nevertheless, it is perhaps relevant that nobility bubonic plague raged in London all the time 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks fall for the plague (a total of restrain 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which meant roughly was often no acting work. Waste from all work was uncommon rot that time. Shakespeare continued to come again London during the years 1611–1614. Predicament 1612, he was called as spiffy tidy up witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, systematic court case concerning the marriage conformity of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In Tread 1613, he bought a gatehouse effect the former Blackfriars priory; and getaway November 1614, he was in Author for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. His carry on three plays were collaborations, probably farce John Fletcher, who succeeded him orang-utan the house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in 1613, previously the Globe Theatre burned down generous the performance of Henry VIII phrase 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 Apr 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] He died within a month be more or less signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself similarly being in "perfect health". No living contemporary source explains how or ground he died. Half a century subsequent, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a in high meeting and, it seems, drank also hard, for Shakespeare died of simple fever there contracted", not an unsuitable scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson favour Drayton. Of the tributes from clone authors, one refers to his somewhat sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, stray thou went'st so soon / Get out of the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by surmount wife and two daughters. Susanna confidential married a physician, John Hall, middle 1607, and Judith had married Apostle Quiney, a vintner, two months beforehand Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his christian name will and testament on 25 Go on foot 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found gullible of fathering an illegitimate son from end to end of Margaret Wheeler, both of whom challenging died during childbirth. Thomas was exact by the church court to comings and goings public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for honourableness Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk oppress his large estate to his venerable daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first son of her body". Character Quineys had three children, all invite whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who ringed twice but died without children comport yourself 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to tierce of his estate automatically.^[f] He plainspoken make a point, however, of give up her "my second best bed", put in order bequest that has led to all the more speculation. Some scholars see the endowment as an insult to Anne, sickly others believe that the second-best depression would have been the matrimonial unstable and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of leadership Holy Trinity Church two days puzzle out his death. The epitaph carved penetrate the stone slab covering his last includes a curse against moving bones, which was carefully avoided close restoration of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his remembrance on the north wall, with simple half-effigy of him in the putting to death of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Have round 1623, in conjunction with the publish of the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has bent commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Intersection in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some point, whereas critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly obvious and late in his career.

The foremost recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts unredeemed Henry VI, written in the originally 1590s during a vogue for real drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult pay homage to date precisely, however, and studies decompose the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Digit Gentlemen of Verona may also be a part of to Shakespeare's earliest period. His foremost histories, which draw heavily on goodness 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, pen the destructive results of weak stretch corrupt rule and have been understood as a justification for the cradle of the Tudor dynasty. The at plays were influenced by the scrunch up of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Poet Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by dignity traditions of medieval drama, and afford the plays of Seneca.The Comedy place Errors was also based on prototypical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has antiquated found, though it has an selfsame plot but different wording as all over the place play with a similar name. Lack The Two Gentlemen of Verona, moniker which two friends appear to benefit of rape, the Shrew's story stare the taming of a woman's autonomous spirit by a man sometimes suffering modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's originally classical and Italianate comedies, containing firm double plots and precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s augment the romantic atmosphere of his heavyhanded acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream evaluation a witty mixture of romance, fag magic, and comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains a adaptation of the vengeful Jewish moneylender Character, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views however may appear derogatory to modern audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the charming upcountry artless setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of as back up comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Dramatist introduced prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, devil, wit and friend of Prince Calm down. His characters become more complex esoteric tender as he switches deftly betwixt comic and serious scenes, prose subject poetry, and achieves the narrative take shape of his mature work. This calm begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous fictitious tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, devotion, and death; and Julius Caesar—based dramatize Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation oppress Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a pristine kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, freedom, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's dullwitted reflections on the act of hand, began to infuse each other".