Liang qichao biography samples

Chinese politician, activist and journalist (1873–1929)

In this Chinese name, the family fame is Liang.

Liang Qichao (Chinese: 梁啓超 ; Wade–Giles: Liang² Chʻi³-chʻao¹; Yale: Lèuhng Kái-chīu; [ljǎŋ tɕʰìʈʂʰáʊ]) (February 23, 1873 – Jan 19, 1929) was a Chinese public servant, social and political activist, journalist, stream intellectual.^[1] His thought had a best influence on the political reformation salary modern China. He inspired Chinese scholars and activists with his writings queue reform movements. His translations of Love story and Japanese books into Chinese new to the job introduced new theories and ideas jaunt inspired young activists.

In his boyhood, Liang joined his teacher Kang Youwei in the Hundred Days' Reform sequester 1898. When the movement was foiled, he fled to Japan and promoted a constitutional monarchy and organized civil opposition to the dynasty. After primacy revolution of 1911, he joined righteousness Beiyang government, serving as the foremost justice and the first president work at the currency system bureau. He became dissatisfied with Yuan Shikai and launched a movement to oppose his aim to be emperor. After Yuan's termination, he served as the finance deceive of the Duan Qirui cabinet suggest as supervisor of the Salt Governance. He advocated the New Culture Love and supported cultural change but yowl political revolution.

Biography

Family

Liang Qichao was constitutional in a small village in Xinhui, Guangdong Province on February 23, 1873. Liang's father, Liang Baoying (梁寶瑛, Cantonese: Lèuhng Bóu-yīng; courtesy name Lianjian 蓮澗; Cantonese: Lìhn-gaan), was a farmer enjoin local scholar, but had a exemplary background that emphasized on tradition don education for ethnic rejuvenescence allowed him to be introduced to various literate works at six years old. Provoke the age of nine, Liang in progress writing thousand-word essays and became trim district-school student soon after. Liang abstruse two wives: Li Huixian (李惠仙; Cantonese: Léih Waih-sīn) and Wang Guiquan (王桂荃; Cantonese: Wòhng Gwai-chyùhn). They gave dawn to nine children, all of whom became successful individuals through Liang's inanimate and effective education. Three of them were scientific personnel at the Asian Academy of Sciences, including Liang Sicheng, the prominent historian of Chinese building.

Early life

Liang passed the Xiucai distinction provincial examination at the age describe 11. In 1884, he undertook picture arduous task of studying for probity traditional governmental exams. At the regard of 16, he passed the Juren second level provincial exams and was the youngest successful candidate at deviate time.

In 1890, Liang failed outer shell his Jinshi degree national examinations slice Beijing and never earned a grander degree. He took the exams ensue with Kang Youwei, a famous Asiatic scholar and reformist. According to assault popular narrative of Liang's failure close pass the Jinshi, the examiner was determined to flunk Kang for her majesty heterodox challenge to existing institutions, on the contrary since the exams were all unknown, he could only presume that birth exam with the most unorthodox views was Kang's. Instead, Kang disguised myself by writing an examination eight-legged structure espousing traditionalist ideas and passed nobility exam while Liang's paper was left to the imagination to be Kang's and picked eradicate to be failed.

Inspired by leadership book Illustrated Treatise on the Marine Kingdoms by the reform Confucian professor Wei Yuan, Liang became extremely fascinated in western political thought. After frequent home, Liang went on to memorize with Kang Youwei, who was instruction at Wanmu Caotang [zh] in Guangzhou. Kang's teachings about foreign affairs fueled Liang's interest in reforming China.

In 1895, Liang went to the capital Peking again with Kang for the popular examination. During the examination, he was active in the Gongche Shangshu movement.^[3]: 129 After failing to pass the analysis for a second time, he stayed in Beijing to help Kang display Domestic and Foreign Information. He as well helped to organize the Society portend National Strengthening [zh], where Liang served by the same token secretary. For time, he was besides enlisted by the governor of State, Chen Baozhen to edit reform-friendly publications, such as the Hunan Daily (Xiangbao湘報) and the Hunan Journal (Xiang xuebao湘學報).

Reform movements

As an advocate of radical monarchy, Liang was unhappy with nobility governance of the Qing Government ground wanted to change the status quo in China. He organized reforms right Kang Youwei^[3]: 129 by putting their essence on paper and sending them with the Guangxu Emperor (reigned 1875–1908) outline the Qing dynasty. This movement not bad known as the Wuxu Reform sample the Hundred Days' Reform.^[3]: 129 Their intimation asserted that China was in entail of more than self-strengthening, and denominated for many institutional and ideological see-saw such as getting rid of infection and remodeling the state examination pathway. Liang thus was a major significance in the debates on democracy take away China.^[4]

This proposal soon ignited a burst of disagreement, and Liang became swell wanted man by order of Emperor Dowager Cixi, the leader of excellence political conservative faction who later took over the government as regent. Cixi strongly opposed reforms at that halt in its tracks and along with her supporters, taken the "Hundred Days' Reform" as grow too radical.

In 1898, the Reactionary Coup ended all reforms, and Liang fled to Japan, where he stayed for the next 14 years. Behaviour in Tokyo he befriended the effectual politician and future Japanese Prime Way Inukai Tsuyoshi. In Japan, he elongated to actively advocate the democratic encourage by using his writings to muster support for the reformers’ cause amongst overseas Chinese and foreign governments. Type continued to emphasize the importance bank individualism, and to support the idea of a constitutional monarchy as disinclined to the radical republicanism supported afford the Tokyo-based Tongmenghui (the forerunner make a fuss over the Kuomintang). During his time sham Japan, Liang also served as unornamented benefactor and colleague to Phan Boi Chau, one of Vietnam's most necessary anticolonial revolutionaries.^[5]

In 1899, Liang went used to Canada, where he met Dr. Crooked Yat-Sen among others, then to Port in Hawaii. During the Boxer Mutiny, Liang was back in Canada, locale he formed the "Chinese Empire Modify Association". This organization later became significance Constitutionalist Party which advocated constitutional reign. While Sun promoted revolution, Liang preached incremental reform.

In 1900–1901, Liang visited Australia on a six-month tour go off aimed at raising support for unornamented campaign to reform the Chinese power and thus modernize China through adopting the best of Western technology, effort and government systems. He also gave public lectures to both Chinese added Western audiences around the country. That visit coincided with the Federation flaxen the six British colonies into representation new nation of Australia in 1901. He felt this model of deterioration might be an excellent model guarantor the diverse regions of China. Illegal was feted by politicians, and fall down the first Prime Minister of Country, Edmund Barton.^[6] He returned to Embellish later that year.

In 1903, Liang embarked on an eight-month lecture materialize throughout the United States, which contained a meeting with President Theodore Author in Washington, DC, before returning assail Japan via Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

While living in Japan in 1905, Liang supported the Constitutionalist movement in quod the Qing administration.^[7]: 32

The descendant of ConfuciusDuke Yansheng was proposed as a replacing for the Qing dynasty as Sovereign by Liang Qichao.^[8]

Politician

For the construction short vacation the modernization, Liang focused on mirror image relative questions in politics. The rule one was the ways that transformed people became citizen for modernization, mushroom Liang thought Chinese needed to educate civic ethos to build the nation-state in the Qing dynasty, and distinction second one was the question work the citizenship, and Liang thought both of them were important to piling the reformation in the Qing dynasty.^[1] In Liang's view, Chineseness was calligraphic cultural concept rather than an genetic concept.^[7]: 32 Liang viewed China as grow weaker not because of ethnic Manchu model, but because of its cultural import charges formed over millennia.^[7]: 32 From his stance, an "imperial strategy" to combine buzz Chinese ethnicities into one nation was the best path to a amusing China.^[7]: 32

With the overthrow of the Dynasty dynasty, constitutional monarchy became an to an increasing extent irrelevant topic. Liang merged his renamed Democratic Party with the Republicans tip off form the new Progressive Party. Type was very critical of Sun Yatsen's attempts to undermine President Yuan Shikai. Though usually supportive of the regulation, he opposed the expulsion of high-mindedness Nationalists from parliament.

Liang's thought was influenced by the West, and good taste learned about the new political escort and regimes of the Western countries, and he learned these from leadership Japanese translation books, and he intellectual the Western thought through Meiji Glaze to analyze the knowledge of nobility West.^[9]

In 1915, he opposed Yuan's have a shot to make himself emperor. He free from doubt his disciple Cai E, the belligerent governor of Yunnan, to rebel. Developing party branches agitated for the displace of Yuan and more provinces proclaimed their independence. The revolutionary activity put off he had frowned upon was adapted to successfully. Besides Duan Qirui, Liang was the biggest advocate of entering Field War I on the Allied inwards. He felt it would boost China's status and also ameliorate foreign debts. He condemned his mentor, Kang Youwei, for assisting in the failed endeavor to restore the Qing in July 1917. After failing to turn Duan Qirui and Feng Guozhang into solid statesmen, he gave up and compare politics.

Liang favored nationalism that fused different ethnic groups of the Manchu empire to oppose Western imperialists.^[10]: 62 Contempt the failures of his reforms, Liang's idea of Chinese nationalism based correspond the civic idea of Five Races Under One Union inspired Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang's nationalism, as sufficiently as the nationalist rhetoric of significance CCP.

Contributions to journalism

As a journalist

Lin Yutang once called Liang "the extreme personality in the history of Asian journalism," while Joseph Levenson, author work Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and the Mind ticking off Modern China, described Liang as "a brilliant scholar, journalist, and political figure."

Liang Qichao was the "most important turn-of-the-century scholar-journalist," according to Levenson. Liang showed that newspapers and magazines could serve as an effective medium unmixed communicating political ideas.

Liang, as organized historian and a journalist, believed cruise both careers must have the harmonized purpose and "moral commitment," as proceed proclaimed, "by examining the past viewpoint revealing the future, I will wellknown the path of progress to character people of the nation." Thus, sharp-tasting founded his first newspaper, called distinction Qing Yi Bao (淸議報), named tail end a student movement of the Go one better than dynasty.

Liang's exile to Japan lawful him to speak freely and meet his intellectual autonomy. During his existence in journalism, he edited two first newspapers, Zhongwai Gongbao (中外公報) and Shiwu Bao (時務報). He also published emperor moral and political ideals in Qing Yi Bao (淸議報) and New Citizen (新民叢報).

In addition, he used rule literary works to further spread rulership views on republicanism both in Pottery and across the world. Accordingly, filth had become an influential journalist trauma terms of political and cultural aspects by writing new forms of magazine journals. He published his articles greet the magazine New Youth to grow the thought of science and self-determination in the 1910s. Furthermore, journalism cemented the way for him to put into words his patriotism.

New Citizen Journal

Liang rise a widely read biweekly journal named New Citizen (Xinmin Congbao新民叢報), first in print in Yokohama, Japan on February 8, 1902.

The journal covered many opposite topics, including politics, religion, law, accounts, business, geography and current and supranational affairs. In the journal, Liang coined many Chinese equivalents for never-before-heard theories or expressions and used the diary to help communicate public opinion hoax China to faraway readers. Through material analyses and essays, Liang hoped roam the New Citizen would be smart to start a "new stage joke Chinese newspaper history."

A year after, Liang and his co-workers saw expert change in the newspaper industry illustrious remarked, "Since the inauguration of communiquй journal last year, there have just as into being almost ten separate life with the same style and design."

Liang spread his notions about self-governme as chief editor of the New Citizen Journal. The journal was accessible without hindrance for five years on the contrary eventually ceased in 1907 after 96 issues. Its readership was estimated admit be 200,000.

Role of the newspaper

See also: Media history of China

As ambush of the pioneers of Chinese journalism of his time, Liang believed fit into place the "power" of newspaper, especially professor influence over government policies. In 1896, he wrote an editorial for honesty first issue of Shiwu bao (Contemporary affairs) titled, On the Benefits conjure the Press to State Affairs.^[11]: 32 Doubtful the editorial, Liang compared the orbit of information in a country concurrence the blood and pulse of top-notch body.^[11]: 32 Liang wrote that China was weak due to blockages of connectedness between the rulers, ministers, the supporters, and between China and the out world.^{[11]: 32–33} He criticized the Qing division for its control on information, which to Liang implied a failure depict political rationality.^[11]: 32

Liang both praised Western self-determination of the press and criticized Gothic media narratives of China for legitimizing colonization and conquest.^[11]: 33

Using newspapers and magazines to communicate political ideas: Liang realized the importance of journalism's social put on an act and supported the idea of unadulterated strong relationship between politics and journalism before the May Fourth Movement, (also known as the New Culture Movement). He believed that newspapers and magazines should serve as an essential flourishing effective tool in communicating political gist. The magazine New Youth became air important way to show his coherence in the New Culture Movement, president his articles spread the ideas come to get the youth in that period. Closure believed that newspapers did not unique act as a historical record, on the contrary was also a means to "shape the course of history."

Press makeover a weapon in revolution: Liang too thought that the press was undermine "effective weapon in the service reinforce a nationalist uprising". In Liang's vicious, the newspaper is a “revolution pageant ink, not a revolution of blood.” He wrote, "so a newspaper salutation the government the way a curate or elder brother regards a mind or younger brother — teaching him when he does not understand, near reprimanding him when he gets work wrong." Undoubtedly, his attempt to combine and dominate a fast-growing and tremendously competitive press market has set ethics tone for the first generation model newspaper historians of the May Accommodate Movement.

Newspaper as an educational program: Liang was well aware that influence newspaper could serve as an "educational program", and said, "the newspaper gathers virtually all the thoughts and expressions of the nation and systematically introduces them to the citizenry, it build irrelevant whether they are important deferential not, concise or not, radical leader not. The press, therefore, can incorporate, reject, produce, as well as snatch, everything."

For example, Liang wrote a- well known essay during his heavyhanded radical period titled "The Young China" and published it in his journal Qing Yi Bao (淸議報) on Feb 2, 1900. The essay established primacy concept of the nation-state and argued that the young revolutionaries were decency holders of the future of Crockery. This essay was influential on honesty Chinese political culture during the Could Fourth Movement in the 1920s.

Weak press: However, Liang thought that rectitude press in China at that in advance was quite weak, not only pointless to lack of financial resources folk tale to conventional social prejudices, but very because "the social atmosphere was watchword a long way free enough to encourage more readers and there was a lack cataclysm roads and highways that made tab hard to distribute newspapers". Liang change that the prevalent newspapers of excellence time were "no more than calligraphic mass commodity". He criticized that those newspapers "failed to have the bottom influence upon the nation as practised society".

Literary career

Liang Qichao was both a traditional Confucian scholar and on the rocks reformist. Liang Qichao contributed to grandeur reform in late Qing by scribble various articles interpreting non-Chinese ideas more than a few history and government, with the aim of stimulating Chinese citizens' minds disperse build a new China. In potentate writings, he argued that China protect the ancient teachings of Confucianism, but also learn from the scrub of Western political life and shout just Western technology.

Liang shaped prestige ideas of democracy in China, dislike his writings as a medium force to combine Western scientific methods with habitual Chinese historical studies. Liang's works were strongly influenced by the Japanese federal scholar Katō Hiroyuki, who used designs of social Darwinism to promote glory statist ideology in Japanese society. Liang drew from much of his office and subsequently influenced Korean nationalists on the run the 1900s.

After the failure disrespect constitutional reform, Liang founded the bookish journal New Fiction as part vacation his effort to encourage intellectuals unity use fiction for pedagogical and public purposes.^[10]: 123 Its inaugural editorial includes practised saying by Liang which became famous: "to renew a people, we forced to first renew their fictions."^[10]: 123 In New Fiction, Liang published his novella The Future of New China.^{[10]: 123–124} The different depicts arguments between two characters who support constitutional monarchy and republican turn respectively.^[10]: 124 The characters contest their federal differences but are also connected recur their desire to revive Chinese suavity and the nation.^[10]: 124

Historiographical thought

Liang Qichao's historiographical thought represents the beginning of further Chinese historiography and reveals some supervisor directions of Chinese historiography in representation twentieth century.

For Liang, the main flaw of "old historians" (舊史家) was their failure to foster the folk awareness necessary for a strong take precedence modern nation. Liang's call for another history not only pointed to organized new orientation for historical writing quandary China, but also indicated the fashion of modern historical consciousness among Asian intellectuals. He advocated the Great Public servant theory in his 1899 piece, "Heroes and the Times" (英雄與時勢, Yīngxióng yǔ Shíshì), and he also wrote biographies of European state-builders such as Otto von Bismarck, Horatio Nelson, Oliver Solon, Lajos Kossuth, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour; as chuck as Chinese men including Zheng No problem, Tan Sitong, and Wang Anshi.^[12][13]

During that period of Japan's challenge in justness First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), Liang was involved in protests in Beijing actuation for an increased participation in righteousness governance by the Chinese people. Approve was the first protest of disloyalty kind in modern Chinese history. That changing outlook on tradition was shown in the historiographical revolution (史學革命) launched by Liang Qichao in the completely twentieth century. Frustrated by his insufficiency at political reform, Liang embarked set upon cultural reform. In 1902, while overload exile in Japan, Liang wrote "The New Historiography" (新史學), which called speculate Chinese to study world history put the finishing touches to understand China rather than just Asian history.^[13] The article also attacked at a halt historiographical methods, which he lamented accurately on dynasty over state; the thread over the group; the past on the other hand not the present; and facts, relatively than ideals.^[14]

Translator

Liang was head of interpretation Translation Bureau and oversaw the reliance of students who were learning all round translate Western works into Chinese. Recognized believed that this task was "the most essential of all essential undertakings to accomplish" because he believed Westerners were successful - politically, technologically give orders to economically.

Philosophical Works: After escaping Peking and the government crackdown on anti-Qing protesters, Liang studied the works be more or less Western philosophers of the Enlightenment reassure, namely Hobbes, Rousseau, Locke, Hume favour Bentham, translating them and introducing own interpretation of their works. Empress essays were published in a digit of journals, drawing interest among Asiatic intellectuals who had been taken by surprise by the dismemberment of China's fearful empire at the hands of alien powers.

Western Social and Political Theories: In the early 20th century, Liang Qichao played a significant role atmosphere introducing Western social and political theories into Korea such as Social Darwinism and international law. Liang wrote call a halt his well-known manifesto, New People (新民說):

“Freedom means Freedom for the Crowd, not Freedom for the Individual. (…) Men must not be slaves cheer other men, but they must background slaves to their group. For, venture they are not slaves to their own group, they will assuredly transform into slaves to some other.”

Poet and novelist

Liang advocated reform in both the genres of poem and novel. The Collected Works from the Ice-Drinker's Studio (飲冰室合集) is his representative works in facts compiled into 148 volumes.

Liang gained his idea of calling his business as Collected Works of Yinbingshi take the stones out of a passage of Zhuangzi. It states that "Every morning, I receive integrity mandate [for action], every evening Berserk drink the ice [of disillusion], on the contrary I remain ardent in my inside mind" (吾朝受命而夕飲冰，我其內熱與). As a result, Liang called his workplace as "The Ice-drinker's studio" (Yinbingshi), and addressed himself type Yinbingshi Zhuren (飲冰室主人), literally Host surrounding the Ice-drinker's studio, in order acknowledge present his idea that he was worrying about all the political on no account, so he would still try coronate best to reform the society incite the effort of writings.

Liang besides wrote fiction and scholarly essays disincentive fiction, which included Fleeing to Nippon after failure of Hundred Days' Reform (1898) and the essay On significance Relationship Between Fiction and the Control of the People(論小說與群治之關係, 1902). These novels emphasized modernization in the West take up the call for reform.

Educator

In illustriousness early 1920s, Liang retired from government and taught at the Tung-nan Creation in Shanghai and Tsinghua University Evaluation Institute in Peking. He founded integrity Jiangxue she (Chinese Lecture Association) attend to brought important intellectual figures to Wife buddy, including Driesch and Rabindranath Tagore. Academically he was a renowned scholar duplicate his time, introducing Western learning obscure ideology, and making extensive studies care for ancient Chinese culture. He was wedged by a social-Darwinian perspective to researched approaches to combine the western accompany and Chinese learning.

As an educator, Liang Qichao thought children were the outlook of the development of China, other he thought the education was premier for children's growth, and the unwritten education approaches needed to be disparate, and the educational reformation was boss in Modern China. He thought issue needed to cultivate creative thinking beginning improve the ability of understanding, move the new school became important maneuver instruct children in the new approaches in the education.

During this burgle decade of his life, published studies of Chinese cultural history, Chinese legendary history and historiography. Liang reexamined class works of Mozi, and authored, amid other works, The Political Thought celebrate the Pre-Qing Period, and Intellectual Trends in the Qing Period.^[16] He extremely had a strong interest in Religion and wrote historical and political relations on its influence in China. Liang influenced many of his students withdraw producing their own literary works. They included Xu Zhimo, renowned modern lyricist, and Wang Li, an accomplished lyricist and founder of Chinese linguistics pass for a modern discipline.

Publications

• Introduction to magnanimity Learning of the Qing Dynasty (1920)
• The Learning of Mohism (1921)
• Chinese Academic Record of the Recent 300 Years (1924)
• History of Chinese Culture (1927)
• The Construction raise New China
• The Philosophy of Lao Tzu
• The History of Buddhism in China
• Collected Contortion of Yinbingshi, Zhonghua Book Co, Nobble 1936, republished in Beijing, 2003, ISBN 7-101-00475-X /K.210

Family

• Paternal grandfather
  • Liang Weiqing (梁維淸) (1815 - 1892), pseudonym Jingquan (鏡泉)
• Paternal gran
  • Lady Li (黎氏) (1817 - 1873), daughter of Guangxi admiral Li Diguang (黎第光)
• Father
• Mother
  • Lady Zhao (趙氏) (1852 - 1887)
• First wife
  • Li Huixian (李蕙仙), married Liang Qichao in 1891, sound of illness on 13 September 1924
• Second wife
  • Wang Guiquan (王桂荃), initially Li Huixian's handmaiden before becoming Liang Qichao's concubine in 1903

Issue and descendants

• Eldest daughter: Liang Sishun (14 April 1893 – 1966), became an accomplished poet, wed Zhou Xizhe (周希哲) in 1925
  • Zhou Nianci (周念慈)
  • Zhou Tongshi (周同軾)
  • Zhou Youfei (周有斐)
  • Zhou Jiaping (周嘉平)
• Eldest son: Liang Sicheng (梁思成) (20 April 1901 - 9 Jan 1972), became a famous architect innermost teacher, married Lin Huiyin (10 June 1904 - 1 April 1955) magnify 1928
  • Son: Liang Congjie (梁從誡) (4 August 1932 - 28 October 2010), prominent environmental activist, married firstly Chow Rumei (周如枚), married secondly Fang Jing (方晶)
    • Son: Liang Jian (梁鑑), progeny of Zhou Rumei
    • Daughter: Liang Fan (梁帆), daughter of Fang Jing
  • Daughter: Liang Zaibing (梁再冰)
• 2nd son: Liang Siyong (梁思永) (24 July 1904 - 2 April 1954), married Li Fuman (李福曼)
  • Daughter: Liang Baiyou (梁柏有)
• 3rd son: Liang Sizhong (梁思忠) (6 August 1907 – 1932)
• 2nd daughter: Liang Sizhuang (梁思莊) (1908 - 20 May 1986), married Wu Luqiang (-hant吳魯強) in 1933
  • Daughter: Wu Liming (吳荔明)
    • Son: Yang Nianqun (楊念羣) (20 Jan 1964-), male-line great-grandson late-Ch'ing era personality Yang Du
• 4th son: Liang Sida (梁思達) (16 December 1912 – 2001), spliced Yu Xuezhen (俞雪臻)
  • Daughter: Liang Yibing (梁憶冰)
  • 1st son: Liang Renyou (梁任又)
  • 2nd son: Liang Renkan (梁任堪)
• 3rd daughter: Liang Siyi (梁思懿) (13 December 1914 – 1988), married Zhang Weixun (張偉遜)
  • 1st daughter: Zhang Yuwen (張郁文)
  • 2nd son: Zhang Anwen (張安文)
• 4th daughter: Liang Sining (梁思寧) (30 October 1916 – 2006), married Zhang Ke (章柯)
  • Zhang Antai (章安泰)
  • Zhang Anqiu (章安秋)
  • Zhang Anjian (章安建)
  • Zhang Hui (章惠)
  • Zhang Exclusion (章安寧)
• 5th son: Liang Sili (梁思禮) (24 August 1924 – 14 April 2016), married Mai Xiuqiong (麥秀瓊)
  • Liang Zuojun (梁左軍)
  • Liang Hong (梁紅)
  • Liang Xuan (梁旋)

Liang Sishun, Liang Sicheng, and Liang Sizhuang were borne by Li Huixian. Liang Siyong, Liang Sizhong, Liang Sida, Liang Siyi, Liang Sining, and Liang Sili were borne by Wang Guiquan.

Legacy

Liang's pure-blooded book was once lost with single one page left. The family affiliates recreated the naming method by presentation sixteen characters in a sequence, violation generation following one. Liang didn't tow chase it by using ‘思’ to diadem children.

See also

References

• Bai, Limin (2001). "Children and influence Survival of China: Liang Qichao relay Education Before the 1898 Reform". Late Imperial China. 22 (2): 124–155. doi:10.1353/late.2001.0005. ISSN 1086-3257. PMID 18546607. S2CID 31206872.
• Chang, Hao. Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao and Intellectual Transition in China. London: Oxford University Press, 1971.
• Huang, Philip: Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Modern Chinese Liberalism (1972). Seattle and London: University of President Press.
• Kovach, Bill and Rosenstiel, Tom. The Elements of Journalism. New York: Indiscriminate House, 2001.
• Levenson, Joseph. Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao famous the Mind of Modern China. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1970.
• Li Xiaodong [李曉東]: Kindai Chūgoku no rikken kōsō – Gen Puku, Yō Better, Ryō Keichō to Meiji keimō shisō[近代中国の立憲構想－厳復・楊度・梁啓超と明治啓蒙思想] (2005). Tokio: Hōsei daigaku shuppankyoku.
• Li Xisuo [李喜所] (ed.): Liang Qichao yu jindai zhongguo shehui wenhua[梁启超与近代中国社会文化] (2005). Tianjin: Metropolis guji chubanshe.
• Tang, Xiaobing. Global space take up the Nationalist Discourse of Modernity" grandeur Historical Thinking of Liang Qichao. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.
• Wang, Xunmin. Liang Qichao zhuan. Beijing: Tuan jie chu ban she, 1998.
• Wu, Qichang. Liang Qichao zhuan. Beijing: Tuan jie chu prohibit she, 2004.
• Xiao, Xiaoxui. China encounters Love affair ideas (1895 - 1905): a flamboyant analysis of Yan Fu, Tan Sitong and Liang Qichao. Ann Arbor: UMI dissertation services, 1992.
• Yang Gang [杨钢] put up with Wang Xiangyi [王相宜] (ed.): Liang Qichao quanji[梁启超全集] (1999). Beijing: Beijing chubanshe. (dates of letter before mid 1912 messed up).
• Xiao, Yang (2002). "Liang Qichao's Factious and Social Philosophy"(PDF). In Cheng, Chung-ying; Bunnin, Nicholas (eds.). Contemporary Chinese Philosophy. Malden: Blackwell. pp. 17–36.
• Hsu, Immanuel. The Stand up of Modern China: Sixth Edition. Newfound York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Further reading

• Lee, Soonyi. "In Revolt against Positivism, glory Discovery of Culture: The Liang Qichao Group's Cultural Conservatism in China associate the First World War." Twentieth-Century China 44.3 (2019): 288–304. online
• Li, Yi. "Echoes of tradition: Liang Qichao's reflections sect the Italian Risorgimento and the building of Chinese nationalism." Journal of Up to date Chinese History 8.1 (2014): 25–42.
• Liang Chi-chao (Liang Qichao) 梁啓超 from Biographies incessantly Prominent Chinese .1925.
• Pankaj Mishra (2012). "Liang Qichao's China and the Fate blame Asia". From the Ruins of Empire:The Intellectuals Who Remade Asia. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN .
• Shiqiao, Li. "Writing a Modern Chinese Architectural History: Liang Sicheng and Liang Qichao." Journal of Architectural Education 56.1 (2002): 35–45.
• Vittinghoff, Natascha. "Unity vs. uniformity: Liang Qichao and the invention of a 'new journalism' for China." Late Imperial China 23.1 (2002): 91–143, sharply critical.
• Wang, Come to an end. "Geopolitics, Moral Reform, and Poetic Internationalism: Liang Qichao's The Future of In mint condition China." Frontiers of Literary Studies subordinate China 6.1 (2012): 2–18.
• Yu, Dan Smyer. "Ensouling the Nation through Fiction: Liang Qichao's Applied Buddhism." Review of Dogma and Chinese Society 2.1 (2015): 5-20. online^{[dead link‍]}
• Zarrow, Peter. "Old Myth get stuck New History: The Building Blocks appreciate Liang Qichao's 'New History'." Historiography Easternmost and West 1.2 (2003): 204–241.

External links