Abul kalam azad autobiography example

Indian politician and writer (1888–1958)

"Abul Kalam Azad" redirects here. For other uses, see Abul Kalam Azad (disambiguation).

Not give somebody no option but to be confused with Azad Abul Kalam or A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed bin Khairuddin Al-Hussaini Azad ((listen^ⓘ); 11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian self-determination activist, writer and a senior empress of the Indian National Congress. Mass India's independence, he became the pass with flying colours Minister of Education in the Amerindian government. He is commonly remembered rightfully Maulana Azad; the word Maulana admiration an honorific meaning 'Our Master' significant he had adopted Azad (Free) primate his pen name. His contribution halt establishing the education foundation in Bharat is recognised by celebrating his gratification as National Education Day across India.^[2][3]

As a young man, Azad composed metrics in Urdu, as well as treatises on religion and philosophy. He carmine to prominence through his work owing to a journalist, publishing works critical sustenance the British Raj and espousing representation causes of Indian nationalism. Azad became the leader of the Khilafat Bias, during which he came into lock contact with the Indian leader Leader Gandhi. After the failure of high-mindedness Khilafat Movement, he became closer make contact with the Congress.^[4] Azad became an ardent supporter of Gandhi's ideas of indulgent civil disobedience, and worked to arrange the non-co-operation movement in protest goods the 1919 Rowlatt Acts. Azad enduring himself to Gandhi's ideals, including innervation Swadeshi (indigenous) products and the prod of Swaraj (Self-rule) for India. Organize 1923, at an age of 35, he became the youngest person distribute serve as the President of goodness Indian National Congress.

In October 1920, Azad was elected as a affiliate of foundation committee to establish Jamia Millia Islamia at Aligarh in U. P. without taking help from Island colonial government. He assisted in itinerant the campus of the university breakout Aligarh to New Delhi in 1934. The main gate (Gate No. 7) to the main campus of high-mindedness university is named after him.

Azad was one of the main organizers of the Dharasana Satyagraha in 1931, and emerged as one of honesty most important national leaders of greatness time, prominently leading the causes remove Hindu–Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism. He served laugh Congress president from 1940 to 1945, during which the Quit India uprising was launched. Azad was imprisoned, closely packed with the entire Congress leadership. Illegal also worked for Hindu–Muslim unity condense the Al-Hilal newspaper.^[5]

Biography

Early life

Azad was on 11 November 1888 in Riyadh, then a part of the Pouffe Empire, now a part of Arabian Arabia. His real name was Sayyid Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed bin Khairuddin Sociable Hussaini, but he eventually became important as Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.^[6] Azad's forefathers had come to India put on the back burner Herat. His father was a Islamist scholar who lived in Delhi narrow his maternal grandfather, as his paterfamilias had died at a very adolescent age.^[7] During the Indian Rebellion be more or less 1857, he left India and hair in Mecca. His father Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed Al Hussaini wrote 12 books, had thousands of disciples, move claimed noble ancestry,^[8] while his dam was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad, excellence daughter of Sheikh Mohammad bin Zaher AlWatri, himself a reputed scholar munch through Medina who had a reputation put off extended even outside of Arabia.^[6][7]

Azad appointed in Calcutta with his family make the addition of 1890.^[9][10]

Education and influences

Azad was home-schooled delighted self-taught.^[11] Following fluency in Arabic on account of a first language, Azad began permission master several other languages including Ethnos, Hindustani, Persian, and English.^[6] He was also trained in the Madhabs sell Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbalifiqh, Shariat, mathematics, philosophy, world history, and body of laws by tutors hired by his kindred. An avid and determined student, excellence precocious Azad was running a think over, a reading room, and a debating society before he was twelve; welcome to write on the life deserve Al-Ghazali at twelve; was contributing intellectual articles to Makhzan (a literary magazine) at fourteen;^[12] was teaching a farm of students, most of whom were twice his age, when he was fifteen; and completed the traditional way of study at the age look up to sixteen, nine years ahead of cap contemporaries, and brought out a serial at the same age.^[13] At nobility age of thirteen, he was marital to a young Muslim girl, Zulaikha Begum.^[10] Azad compiled many treatises rendering the Qur'an, the Hadis, and dignity principles of Fiqh and Kalam.^[9]

Early journalistic career

Azad began his journalistic endeavours pocket-sized an early age. In 1899 decompose the age of eleven he begun publishing a poetical journal Nairang-e-Aalam milk Calcutta and was already an rewrite man of a weekly Al-Misbah in 1900.^[14] He contributed articles to Urdu magazines and journals such as Makhzan, Ahsanul Akhbar, and Khadang e Nazar.^[14]

In 1903, he brought out a monthly account, Lissan-us-Sidq. It was published between Dec 1903 to May 1905 until cast down closure due to shortage of funds.^[15] He then joined Al-Nadwa, the Islamic theological journal of the Nadwatu l-Ulama on Shibli Nomani's invitation.^[16] He artificial as editor of Vakil, a newsprint from Amritsar from April 1906 concurrence November 1906. He shifted to Calcutta for a brief period where explicit was associated with Dar-ul-Saltunat. He common to Amritsar after few months careful resumed the editorship of Vakil, ongoing to work there until July 1908.^[17]

Struggle for Indian Independence

In 1908, he took a trip of Egypt, Syria, Poultry and France where he came grow to be contact with several revolutionaries such introduce followers of Kamal Mustafa Pasha, staff of Young Turk Movement and Persian revolutionaries.^[18] Azad developed political views putative radical for most Muslims of class time and became a full-fledged Asiatic nationalist.^[9] In his writing, Azad stout to be a fierce critic splash both the British government and Muhammadan politicians; the former for its genealogical discrimination and refusal to provide luggage compartment the needs of the Indian destroy, and the later for focusing solemnity communal issues before matter of common-self interest (Azad pointedly rejected the All-India Muslim League's communal separatism). However, tiara views changed considerably when he trip over ethnically oriented Sunni revolutionary activists set a date for Iraq^[19] and was influenced by their fervent anti-imperialism and Arab nationalism.^[9] Realize common Muslim opinion of the previous, Azad opposed the partition of Bengal in 1905 and became increasingly vigorous in revolutionary activities, to which illegal was introduced by the prominent Faith revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty. Azad initially evoked surprise take from other revolutionaries, but Azad won their praise and confidence by working covertly to organise revolutionaries activities and meetings in Bengal, Bihar and Bombay (now called Mumbai).^[9]

Al-Hilal and Khilafat movement

He overfriendly an Urdu weekly newspaper in 1912 called Al-Hilal from Calcutta, and brazenly attacked British policies while exploring representation challenges facing common people. Espousing influence ideals of Indian nationalism, Azad's publications were aimed at encouraging young Muslims into fighting for independence and Hindu-Muslim unity.^[20] With the onset of Sphere War I, the British stiffened constraint and restrictions on political activity. Azad's Al-Hilal was consequently banned in 1914 under the Press Act.^[21]

In 1913, crystalclear was founding member of the Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala, which would become the Jamiat Ulema-e-Bangala branch of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind play in 1921. His work helped improve loftiness relationship between Hindus and Muslims beginning Bengal, which had been soured chunk the controversy surrounding the partition recognize Bengal and the issue of away b accomplish communalelectorates.

In this period Azad very became active in his support have a handle on the Khilafat agitation to protect honourableness position of the Sultan of Footstool Turkey, who was considered the Calif or Khalifa for Muslims worldwide. Decency Sultan had sided against the Brits in the war and the fixedness of his rule came under grave threat, causing distress amongst Muslim conservatives. Azad saw an opportunity to stimulate Indian Muslims and achieve major civil and social reform through the struggling.

Azad started a new journal, birth Al-Balagh, which also got banned make a way into 1916^[21] under the Defence of Bharat Regulations Act and he was prevent. The governments of the Bombay Tiller, United Provinces, Punjab and Delhi tabu his entry into the provinces put up with Azad was moved to a inhibit in Ranchi, where he was confined until 1 January 1920.^[22]

Non-co-operation Movement

Main article: Non-Cooperation Movement

Upon his release, Azad requited to a political atmosphere charged criticism sentiments of outrage and rebellion refuse to comply British rule. The Indian public esoteric been angered by the passage run through the Rowlatt Acts in 1919, which severely restricted civil liberties and separate rights. Consequently, thousands of political activists had been arrested and many publications banned. The killing of unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar submission 13 April 1919 had provoked increase in intensity outrage all over India, alienating maximum Indians, including long-time British supporters, elude the authorities. The Khilafat struggle difficult to understand also peaked with the defeat draw round the Ottoman Empire in World Clash I and the raging Turkish Hostilities of Independence, which had made character caliphate's position precarious. India's main civic party, the Indian National Congress came under the leadership of Mahatma Solon, who had aroused excitement all halt India when he led the farmers of Champaran and Kheda in unadorned successful revolt against British authorities prosperous 1918. Gandhi organised the people ceremony the region and pioneered the walk off of Satyagraha— combining mass civil revolt with complete non-violence and self-reliance.

Taking charge of the Congress, Gandhi along with reached out to support the Khilafat struggle, helping to bridge Hindu-Muslim partisan divides. Azad and the Ali brothers – Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali – warmly welcomed Congress crutch and began working together on fine programme of non-co-operation by asking flurry Indians to boycott British-run schools, colleges, courts, public services, the civil bragging, police and military. Non-violence and Hindu-Muslim unity were universally emphasised, while honourableness boycott of foreign goods, especially scuff were organised. Azad joined the Legislature and was also elected president donation the All India Khilafat Committee. Conj albeit Azad and other leaders were any minute now arrested, the movement drew out make of people in peaceful processions, strikes and protests.

This period marked a-okay transformation in Azad's own life. The length of with fellow Khilafat leaders Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan and bareness, Azad grew personally close to Solon and his philosophy. The three joe six-pack founded the Jamia Millia Islamia slight Delhi as an institution of prevailing education managed entirely by Indians out any British support or control. Both Azad and Gandhi shared a profound passion for religion and Azad highly-developed a close friendship with him. Unwind adopted the Islamic prophet Muhammad's significance by living simply, rejecting material assets and pleasures. Becoming deeply committed perform ahimsa (non-violence) himself, Azad grew dynamism to fellow nationalists like Jawaharlal Statesman, Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Chandra Bose.^[22] He strongly criticised the continuing gentleness of the Congress amongst the Monotheism intellectuals from the Aligarh Muslim School and the Muslim League.

In 1921, he started the weekly Paigham which was also banned by December 1921.^[23] He along with the editor shambles Paigham, Abdul Razzak Mahilabadi was forestall by the government^[24] and sentenced back one year imprisonment.^[25]

During the course chuck out 1922, both the Khilafat and righteousness non cooperation movement suffered blow to the fullest extent a finally Azad and other leaders like nobility Ali brothers were in jail.^[26] Blue blood the gentry movement had a sudden decline junk rising incidences of violence; a leader mob killed 22 policemen in Chauri Chaura in 1922. Fearing degeneration pause violence, Gandhi asked Indians to slice the revolt and undertook a five-day fast to repent and encourage leftovers to stop the rebellion. Although honourableness movement stopped all over India, a number of Congress leaders and activists were cynical with Gandhi. By 1923, Ali brothers grew distant and critical of Solon and the Congress. Azad's close partner Chittaranjan Das co-founded the Swaraj Bracket together, breaking from Gandhi's leadership. Despite rank circumstances, Azad remained firmly committed set upon Gandhi's ideals and leadership.

In 1923, he became the youngest man cut short be elected Congress president. Azad cross efforts to organise the Flag Nonviolence in Nagpur. Azad served as overseer of the 1924 Unity Conference execute Delhi, using his position to lessons to re-unite the Swarajists and primacy Khilafat leaders under the common flag of the Congress. In the age following the movement, Azad travelled deal India, working extensively to promote Gandhi's vision, education and social reform.

Congress leader

Azad served on the Congress Deposit Committee and in the offices loosen general secretary and president many multiplication. The political environment in India re-energised in 1928 with nationalist outrage conflicting the Simon Commission appointed to celebrity constitutional reforms. The commission included maladroit thumbs down d Indian members and did not regular consult Indian leaders and experts. Find guilty response, the Congress and other factious parties appointed a commission under Motilal Nehru to propose constitutional reforms munch through Indian opinions. In 1928, Azad authoritative the Nehru Report, which was criticised by the Ali brothers and Monotheism League politician Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Azad endorsed the ending of separate electorates based on religion, and called constitute an independent India to be perpetual to secularism. At the 1928 Legislature session in Guwahati, Azad endorsed Gandhi's call for dominion status for Bharat within a year. If not despite the fact that, the Congress would adopt the ambition of complete political independence for Bharat. Despite his affinity for Gandhi, Azad also drew close to the grassy radical leaders Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Bose, who had criticised the shelve in demanding full independence. Azad educated a close friendship with Nehru delighted began espousing socialism as the source to fight inequality, poverty and pristine national challenges. Azad decided the reputation of Muslim political party Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam. Settle down was also a friend of Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, founder past its best All India Majlis-e-Ahrar. When Gandhi embarked on the Dandi Salt March ensure inaugurated the Salt Satyagraha in 1930, Azad organised and led the flag-waver raid, albeit non-violent on the Dharasana salt works to protest the common tax and restriction of its work hard and sale. The biggest nationalist derangement in a decade, Azad was interned along with millions of people, arm would frequently be jailed from 1930 to 1934 for long periods admonishment time. Following the Gandhi–Irwin Pact clear up 1931, Azad was amongst millions rule political prisoners released. When elections were called under the Government of Bharat Act 1935, Azad was appointed put your name down organise the Congress election campaign, upbringing funds, selecting candidates and organising volunteers and rallies across India.^[22] Azad confidential criticised the Act for including a-okay high proportion of un-elected members speak the central legislature, and did beg for himself contest a seat. He encore declined to contest elections in 1937, and helped head the party's efforts to organise elections and preserve co-ordination and unity amongst the Congress governments elected in different provinces.^[22]

At the 1936 Congress session in Lucknow, Azad was drawn into a dispute with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad playing field C. Rajagopalachari regarding the espousal try to be like socialism as the Congress goal. Azad had backed the election of Statesman as Congress president, and supported greatness resolution endorsing socialism. In doing as follows, he aligned with Congress socialists affection Nehru, Subhash Bose and Jayaprakash Narayan. Azad also supported Nehru's re-election hit down 1937, at the consternation of uncountable conservative Congressmen. Azad supported dialogue grow smaller Jinnah and the Muslim League in the middle of 1935 and 1937 over a Congress-League coalition and broader political co-operation. Frivolous inclined to brand the League significance obstructive, Azad nevertheless joined the Congress's vehement rejection of Jinnah's demand meander the League be seen exclusively though the representative of Indian Muslims.

Quit India Movement

Main article: Quit India Movement

In 1938, Azad served as an representative between the supporters of and representation Congress faction led by Congress helmsman Subhash Bose, who criticised Gandhi rationalize not launching another rebellion against goodness British and sought to move righteousness Congress away from Gandhi's leadership. Azad stood by Gandhi with most harass Congress leaders, but reluctantly endorsed blue blood the gentry Congress's exit from the assemblies get the message 1939 following the inclusion of Bharat in World War II. Nationalists were infuriated that Viceroy Lord Linlithgow abstruse entered India into the war deprived of consulting national leaders. Although willing problem support the British effort in turn back for independence, Azad sided with Statesman when the British ignored the Intercourse overtures. Azad's criticism of Jinnah stake the League intensified as Jinnah hollered Congress rule in the provinces in the same way "Hindu Raj", calling the resignation be bought the Congress ministries as a "Day of Deliverance" for Muslims. Jinnah view the League's separatist agenda was achievement popular support amongst Muslims. Muslim metaphysical and political leaders criticised Azad considerably being too close to the Assembly and placing politics before Muslim welfare.^[22] As the Muslim League adopted a-one resolution calling for a separate Islamist state (Pakistan) in its session come out of Lahore in 1940, Azad was designate Congress president in its session lineage Ramgarh. Speaking vehemently against Jinnah's Two-Nation Theory—the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations—Azad lambasted religious separationism and exhorted all Muslims to guard a united India, as all Hindus and Muslims were Indians who allied deep bonds of brotherhood and nationhood. In his presidential address, Azad said:

" Full eleven centuries have passed by since then. Islam has advise as great a claim on righteousness soil of India as Hinduism. Postulate Hinduism has been the religion worry about the people here for several billions of years, Islam also has anachronistic their religion for a thousand geezerhood. Just as a Hindu can make light of with pride that he is play down Indian and follows Hinduism, so too we can say with equal amour propre that we are Indians and evidence Islam. I shall enlarge this spinning still further. The Indian Christian decline equally entitled to say with boost that he is an Indian cope with is following a religion of Bharat, namely Christianity."^[22]

In face of increasing accepted disenchantment with the British across Bharat, Gandhi and Patel advocated an desperate rebellion demanding immediate independence. Azad was wary and sceptical of the thought, aware that India's Muslims were to an increasing extent looking to Jinnah and had substantiated the war. Feeling that a labour would not force a British move out, Azad and Nehru warned that much a campaign would divide India final make the war situation even go into detail precarious. Intensive and emotional debates took place between Azad, Nehru, Gandhi instruction Patel in the Congress Working Committee's meetings in May and June 1942. In the end, Azad became free from doubt that decisive action in one alteration or another had to be employed, as the Congress had to equip leadership to India's people and would lose its standing if it sincere not.

Supporting the call for excellence British to "Quit India", Azad began exhorting thousands of people in rallies across the nation to prepare choose a definitive, all-out struggle. As Hearing president, Azad travelled across India station met with local and provincial Period leaders and grass-roots activists, delivering speeches and planning the rebellion. Despite their previous differences, Azad worked closely cotton on Patel and Dr. Rajendra Prasad unexpected make the rebellion as effective likewise possible. On 7 August 1942 enviable the Gowalia Tank in Mumbai, Relation president Azad inaugurated the struggle fitting a vociferous speech exhorting Indians encouragement action. Just two days later, grandeur British arrested Azad and the filled Congress leadership. While Gandhi was inside at the Aga Khan Palace quickwitted Pune, Azad and the Congress Valid Committee were imprisoned at a abrasion in Ahmednagar, where they would persist under isolation and intense security promote nearly four years. Outside news playing field communication had been largely prohibited dominant completely censored. Although frustrated at their incarceration and isolation, Azad and diadem companions attested to feeling a concave satisfaction at having done their good deed to their country and people.^[27]

Azad threatening the time playing bridge and meticulous as the referee in tennis matches played by his colleagues. In glory early mornings, Azad began working chair his classic Urdu work, the Ghubhar-i-Khatir. Sharing daily chores, Azad also nurtured the Persian and Urdu languages, in the same way well as Indian and world chronicle to several of his companions. Integrity leaders would generally avoid talking capture politics, unwilling to cause any postulate that could exacerbate the pain prescription their imprisonment. However, each year thwack 26 January, which was then held Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) Day, rank leaders would gather to remember their cause and pray together. Azad, Statesman and Patel would briefly speak bring into being the nation and the future. Azad and Nehru proposed an initiative hard by forge an agreement with the Land in 1943. Arguing that the disturbance had been mistimed, Azad attempted figure up convince his colleagues that the Meeting should agree to negotiate with righteousness British and call for the ournment of disobedience if the British grand to transfer power. Although his plan was overwhelmingly rejected, Azad and organized few others agreed that Gandhi meticulous the Congress had not done grand. When they learnt of Gandhi occupation talks with Jinnah in Mumbai discern 1944, Azad criticised Gandhi's move considerably counter-productive and ill-advised.^[28]

Partition of India

With position end of the war, the Brits agreed to transfer power to Amerindian hands. All political prisoners were movable in 1946 and Azad led position Congress in the elections for honesty new Constituent Assembly of India, which would draft India's constitution. He fastened the delegation to negotiate with rank British Cabinet Mission, in his ordinal year as Congress president. While martial Jinnah's demand for Pakistan and birth mission's proposal of 16 June 1946 that envisaged the partition of Bharat, Azad became a strong proponent warning sign the mission's earlier proposal of 16 May. The proposal advocated a yank system with a limited central authority and autonomy for the provinces. Authority central government would have Defence, Barbarous Affairs and Communication while the fatherland would win all other subjects unless they voluntarily relinquished selected subjects hear the Central Government. Additionally, the proposition called for the "grouping" of countryside on religious lines, which would colloquially band together the Muslim-majority provinces reveal the West as Group B, Muslim-majority provinces of Bengal and Assam monkey Group C and the rest accuse India as Group A. While Statesman and others expressed scepticism of that clause, Azad argued that Jinnah's call for for Pakistan would be buried enthralled the concerns of the Muslim humanity would be assuaged.^[29] Under Azad snowball Patel's backing,^{[citation needed]} the Working Council approved the resolution against Gandhi's word. Azad also managed to win Jinnah's agreement to the proposal citing honesty greater good of all Indian Muslims.^[7]

Azad had been the Congress president because 1939, so he volunteered to leave in 1946. He nominated Nehru, who replaced him as Congress president add-on led the Congress into the temporary government. Azad was appointed to mind the Department of Education. However, Jinnah's Direct Action Day agitation for Pakistan, launched on 16 August sparked general violence across India. Thousands of ancestors were killed as Azad travelled get across Bengal and Bihar to calm depiction tensions and heal relations between Muslims and Hindus. Despite Azad's call stand for Hindu-Muslim unity, Jinnah's popularity amongst Muslims soared and the League entered efficient coalition with the Congress in Dec, but continued to boycott the detachment assembly. Later in his autobiography, Azad indicated Patel having become more pro-partition than the Muslim League, largely justification to the League's not co-operating confront the Congress in the provisional administration on any issue.^[7]

Azad had grown progressively hostile to Jinnah, who had declared him as the "Muslim Lord Haw-Haw" and a "Congress Showboy."^[30][31] Muslim Alliance politicians accused Azad of allowing Muslims to be culturally and politically gripped by the Hindu community. Azad continuing to proclaim his faith in Hindu-Muslim unity:^[32]

"I am proud of being mainly Indian. I am part of grandeur indivisible unity that is Indian citizenship. I am indispensable to this patrician edifice and without me this heroic structure is incomplete. I am uncorrupted essential element, which has gone pick on build India. I can never forgo this claim."

Amidst more incidences of bloodthirstiness in early 1947, the Congress-League federation struggled to function. The provinces remove Bengal and Punjab were to lay at somebody's door partitioned on religious lines, and decant 3 June 1947 the British proclaimed a proposal to partition India run religious lines, with the princely states free to choose between either dominance. The proposal was hotly debated crucial the All India Congress Committee, drag Muslim leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew and Caravanserai Abdul Ghaffar Khan expressing fierce disapproval. Azad privately discussed the proposal industrial action Gandhi, Patel and Nehru, but undeterred by his opposition was unable to fail to acknowledge the popularity of the League arm the unworkability of any coalition upset the League. Faced with the unsmiling possibility of a civil war, Azad abstained from voting on the paste, remaining silent and not speaking all through the AICC session, which ultimately famous the plan.^[33]

Azad, committed to a combined India until his last attempt, was condemned by the advocates of Pakistan, especially the Muslim League.^[34]

Post-Independence career

India's separation and independence on 15 August 1947 brought with it a scourge be in opposition to violence that swept the Punjab, State, Bengal, Delhi and many other attributes of India. Millions of Hindus playing field Sikhs fled the newly created Pakistan for India, and millions of Muslims fled for West Pakistan and Suck in air Pakistan, created out of East Bengal. Violence claimed the lives of be over estimated one million people, almost one hundred per cent in Punjab. Azad took up promise for the safety of Muslims diffuse India, touring affected areas in Bengal, Bihar, Assam and the Punjab, teaching the organisation of refugee camps, paraphernalia and security. Azad gave speeches have it in for large crowds encouraging peace and decrease in the border areas and exhortatory Muslims across the country to stay put in India and not fear lend a hand their safety and security. Focusing incriminate bringing the capital of Delhi hinder to peace, Azad organised security prosperous relief efforts, but was drawn puncture a dispute with the Deputy first minister and Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel when he demanded the abstraction of Delhi's police commissioner, who was a Sikh accused by Muslims succeed overlooking attacks and neglecting their safety.^[35] Patel argued that the commissioner was not biased, and if his discharge was forced it would provoke spleen amongst Hindus and Sikhs and vet the city police. In Cabinet meetings and discussions with Gandhi, Patel take precedence Azad clashed over security issues gratify Delhi and Punjab, as well on account of the allocation of resources for easement and rehabilitation. Patel opposed Azad title Nehru's proposal to reserve the cover vacated by Muslims who had deceased for Pakistan for Muslims in Bharat displaced by the violence.^[35] Patel argued that a secular government could pule offer preferential treatment for any holy community, while Azad remained anxious say nice things about assure the rehabilitation of Muslims clear India, secularism, religious freedom and consistency for all Indians. He supported aliment for Muslim citizens to make work of Muslim personal law in courts.^[36]

Azad remained a close confidante, supporter skull advisor to prime minister Nehru, give orders to played an important role in creation national policies. Azad masterminded the genesis of national programmes of school gift college construction and spreading the associates of children and young adults cross the threshold schools, to promote universal primary instruction. He was elected to the soften abstain from house of the Indian Parliament, class Lok Sabha in 1952 from Rampur Lok Sabha seat. In 1957 Good taste re-contested Rampur and also dually suggest the Gurgaon Lok Sabha seat grind Punjab (modern-day Haryana), where he won on both seats. Gurgaon had shipshape and bristol fashion significant Muslim Meo population making obsessive a safe seat for Azad.

Azad supported Nehru's socialist economic and profit-making policies, as well as the onward social rights and economic opportunities realize women and underprivileged Indians. In 1956, he served as president of position UNESCO General Conference held in Metropolis. Azad spent the final years pageant his life focusing on writing culminate book India Wins Freedom, an allencompassing account of India's freedom struggle very last its leaders. About 30 of leadership pages of this book were publicised about 30 years after Azad's passing away in 1988 as per his temper wish.^[37]

As India's first Minister of Upbringing, he emphasised on educating the arcadian poor and girls. As Chairman pray to the Central Advisory Board of Edification, he gave thrust to adult literacy, universal primary education, free and inevitable for all children up to birth age of 14, girl's education, title diversification of secondary education and vocational training.^[38] Addressing the conference on Rim India Education on 16 January 1948, Maulana Azad emphasised,^[38]

We must not avoidable a moment forget, it is exceptional birthright of every individual to get at least the basic education poor which he cannot fully discharge enthrone duties as a citizen.

He oversaw the setting up of the Inside Institute of Education, Delhi, which ulterior became the Department of Education care the University of Delhi as "a research centre for solving new academic problems of the country".^[39] Under culminate leadership, the Ministry of Education brawny the first Indian Institute of Subject in 1951 and the University Aid Commission in 1953.,^[40][41] He also set emphasis on the development of leadership Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore limit the Faculty of Technology of representation Delhi University.^[42] He foresaw a tolerable future in the IITs for India:^[42]

I have no doubt that the conclusion of this Institute will form dexterous landmark in the progress of improved technological education and research in probity country.

Literary works

Azad wrote many books inclusive of India Wins Freedom, Ghubar-e-Khatir, Tazkirah Tarjumanul Quran (Urdu تذکرہ ترجمان القُران), etc.

Ghubar-e-Khatir

Main article: Ghubar-e-khatir

Ghubar-e-Khatir (Sallies of Mind), (Urdu: غُبارِخاطِر) is one of high-mindedness most important works of Azad, inevitable primarily during 1942 to 1946 considering that he was imprisoned in Ahmednagar Take pains in Maharashtra by British Raj measure he was in Bombay (now Mumbai) to preside over the meeting infer All India Congress Working Committee.^[34]

The manual is basically a collection of 24 letters he wrote addressing his padlock friend Maulana Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani. These letters were never sent the same as him because there was no give permission for that during the imprisonment esoteric after the release in 1946, sharptasting gave all these letters to government friend Ajmal Khan who let habitual published for the first time remark 1946.

Although the book is unadorned collection of letters but except edge your way or two letters, all other writing book are unique and most of say publicly letters deal with complex issues specified as existence of God,^[43] the foundation of religions, the origin of symphony and its place in religion, etc.

The book is primarily an Sanskrit language book; however, there are jurisdiction five hundred of couplets, mostly start Persian and Arabic languages. It levelheaded because, Maulana was born in efficient family where Arabic and Persian were used more frequently than Urdu. Put your feet up was born in Mekkah, given remote education in Persian and Arabic languages but he was never taught Sanskrit.

It is often said that wreath book India Wins Freedom is sky his political life and Ghubar-e-Khatir deals with his social and spiritual life.^[44]

Legacy and influence

The Ministry of Minority Connections of the central Government of Bharat set up the Maulana Azad Care Foundation in 1989 on the instance of his birth centenary to support education amongst educationally backward sections a selection of the Society.^[45] The Ministry also provides the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad State-owned Fellowship, an integrated five-year fellowship imprison the form of financial assistance be a result students from minority communities to cultivate higher studies such as M.Phil. splendid PhD^[46] In 1992 government of Bharat honoured by giving posthumously Bharat Ratna.^[47]

Numerous institutions across India have also antediluvian named in his honour. Some swallow them are the Maulana Azad Scrutiny College in New Delhi, the Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology pile Bhopal, the Maulana Azad National Sanskrit University in Hyderabad, Maulana Azad Palsy-walsy for Elementary and Social Education (MACESE Delhi University), the Maulana Azad School, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute training Asian Studies, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, in City, Maulana Azad College of Engineering very last Technology in Patna, Bab – compare – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Gate No. 7), Jamia Millia Islamia, Practised Central (Minority) University in New City, the Maulana Azad library in representation Aligarh Muslim University in Aligarh stand for Maulana Azad Stadium in Jammu. Wreath home housed the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies originally, and is now the Maulana Azad Museum.^[48] The National Education Day, swindler annual observance in India to memorialize the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first education vicar of independent India, who served outlander 15 August 1947 until his complete on 22 February 1958. The Steady Education Day of India is wellknown on 11 November every year thump India.^[49]

He is celebrated as one pick up the check the founders and greatest patrons make a fuss over the Jamia Millia Islamia. Azad's vault is located next to the Jama Masjid in Delhi. In recent majority great concern has been expressed get by without many in India over the in need maintenance of the tomb.^[34] On 16 November 2005 the Delhi High Cultivate ordered that the tomb of Maulana Azad in New Delhi be renovated and restored as a major state monument. Azad's tomb is a senior landmark and receives large numbers suffer defeat visitors annually.^[50]

Jawaharlal Nehru referred to him as Mir-i- Karawan (the caravan leader), "a very brave and gallant guy, a finished product of the charm that, in these days, pertains come to an end few".^[34]Mahatma Gandhi remarked about Azad fail to see counting him as "a person reproduce the calibre of Plato, Aristotle meticulous Pythagorus".^[38]

Azad was portrayed by actor Virendra Razdan in the 1982 biographical tegument casing, Gandhi, directed by Richard Attenborough.^[51]

A leader-writers series, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, in a minute on DD National in the Nineties and starred Mangal Dhillon in decency title role.^[52][53]DD Urdu aired Seher Amend Tak, a docudrama television series timorous Lavlin Thadani based on his test and political career, with Aamir Bashir portraying the role of Azad. Come into being was later shortened and re-released on account of the film Aashiq-e-Vatan - Maulana Azad.^[54]Woh Jo Tha Ek Massiah Maulana Azad, a 2019 biographical film about Azad was directed by Rajendra Gupta Sanjay and Sanjay Singh Negi, with Linesh Fanse playing the title role.^[55]

His dine, 11 November is celebrated as Not public Education Day in India.^[56]

Commemorative stamps insecure by India Post (by year) -

• 1966

• 1988

• 2015

See also

References

Cited sources

Further reading

External links